Consequences 5
Consequences 5
Consequences
Everybody does it like that... Uh oh! This could be either:
The rules and procedures are just not adequate to get the job done safely and people fall back on their professional knowledge and experience to get the job done in lieu of following the existing procedures.
You have a problem with your safety culture. A collective agreement has been built that (these) procedures need not be followed and it has become "not done" to address this.
What are you correcting?
Well, whatever way you go you have a job to do. Either your procedures are no good, or the groupdynamic is no good, or both, so there is work to do.
When it comes to the procedures, it is important to have procedures in place that are aimed at helping professionals do their job safely and efficiently. Poor procedures, which are often drawn up by people who do not understand operations and are justified by a desire to control behaviour, are unacceptable and will actively invite violations. It is the duty of management to have good procedures in place. If safe working necessitates a loss in efficiency, make sure this is understood and agreed so that it is done consciously.
When it comes to the safety culture, the most important thing to address is this: "In what way do people get pulled into not following the rules, and what keeps them there?"[1]. How does the "Code of Silence" work. Very often, this is how a negative culture builds:
Somebody does something, like not following a rule or procedure, and rather than correcting his or her behaviour to rectify this, he or she exerts pressure on people to do the same. It might be that the person not following the rules is a seasoned hand, and rather than admitting his mistake he uses his authority to let people know that "people with experience can do this". If the other person buys into this, and says nothing, essentially a "secret agreement" is made to work this way. After a while, if enough people are into this game, the peer pressure will automatically draw other people in this game as well, and it becomes normal behaviour - a culture.
How are you correcting?
To correct procedures: own up that the procedures are bad, and invite your best experts to correct them with you, bringing them in line with professional standards. If that is not possible immediately, due to e.g. the fact that the procedures were imposed from outside, openly address this issue and seek agreement on how to deal with this. Not dealing with bad procedures will lead to a bad safety culture.
To correct the culture: Well, there are many texts, approaches and books out there to help you. The most important thing is however that you start addressing the basics of the team behaviour ("Are we here to help each other excel?" and "How have we been working lately that is not in line with how we want to work?") and to bring the team back to the shared ambition and task of the whole team (in HRO's this is often related to caring for the lives of people).
| Examples | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
Explanation consequences
Now you are at the level of the Just Culture consequences that we are suggesting.
If you feel these consequences are not appropriate, maybe you could consider going back up the navigator and trying some other branches.
Substitution Test
The Substitution Test helps to assess how a peer would have been likely to deal with the situation.
Johnston (1995), a human factors specialist and an Aer Lingus training captain, has proposed the substitution test. When faced with an event in which the unsafe acts of a particular individual were clearly implicated, the judges should carry out the following thought experiment. Substitute for the person concerned someone coming from the same work area and possessing comparable qualifications and experience. Then ask: 'In the light of how the events unfolded and were perceived by those involved in real time, is it likely that this new individual would have behaved any differently?' If the answer is 'probably not' then, as Johnston (1996:34) put it, 'apportioning blame has no material role to play, other than to obscure systemic deficiencies and to blame one of the victims'. A useful variant on the substitution test is to ask of the individual's peers: 'Given the circumstances that prevailed at the time, could you be sure that you would not have committed the same or a similar type of unsafe act?' If the answer again is 'probably not', then blame and punishment are inappropriate.
